SUNY Morrisville
Department of Agricultural Science, Dairy, and Agricultural Business
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AGRO 215 - Soil Fertility
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Three (3) Credit Hours
Instructor: Dr. Adam Khan
Office: Charlton Hall 208 Office Phone: 684-6577 email address:
khana@morrisville.edu
Web page: http://people.morrisville.edu/~khana |
COURSE SYLLABUS
Required Text Book:
- Introduction to Soil Chemistry and Fertility. Khan, Adam and
M. Qasim Khan, 2008. Pearson Publishing Company, New York.
Recommended Text:
- Soil Fertility and Fertilizers, Samuel L. Tisdale and W. L. Nelson, and James D.
Beaton, and John L. Havlin, 1993. 5th Edition Macmillian Publishing Co., Inc., New York.
Supplementary
Reading:
- Black, C.A., 1968, Soil Plant Relationship, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
New York.
- Jones, Ulysses S., 1979,
Fertilizers and Soil Fertility, Reston Publishing
Co., Reston, Virignia.
- Willard Merritt Dean, 1974,
Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 5th Edition,
D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.
- Khan. A., 1996, Introductory Soil Lab Manual, Burgess International
Group Inc., Edina, Minnesota.
- Soil Science Society of American Journal
- ASA Journal
Course Description:
Plant nutrients, soil plant relationship, soil testing and fertilizer
management, Nutrient Management, and Agricultural Environmental Management.
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Section I:
Plant Growth and Nutrients
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A. Plant Growth
- Definition
- Factors Affecting Growth
- Genetic Factors
- Variety and Plant Nutrients
- Variety - Fertility Interaction
- Environmental Factors
- Temperature
- Moisture
- Radiant Energy
- Composition of the Air
- Soil Structure and Composition of Soil Air
- Soil Reaction
- Biotic Factors
- Growth Expressions
- Growth as Related to Time
- Growth Related to Factors Affecting it
- Mitscherlich's Equation
- Spillman's Equation
- Factorial Expression and Regression Equation
- Bray's Nutrients Mobility Concept
B. Elements Required in Plant Nutrition
- Essentiality of Elements
- Elements Required in Plant Nutrition
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Potassium
- Calcium
- Magnesium
- Sulfur
- Boron
- Iron
- Manganese
- Copper
- Zinc
- Molybdenum
- Chlorine
- Cobalt
- Vanadium
- Sodium
- Silicon
- Favorable combination
- Principle of limiting factors
- List of nutrients that come from air and water
- List of macronutrients that come from soil
- List of micronutrients that come form soil
- Some important concepts about nutrients
- nutrient availability in soil
- capacity factor
- Intensity factor
- soil solution
- Soil solution pH
- Forms of nutrients absorbed by plants
- Nutrient uptake
Section II: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium
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A. Nitrogen
- Favorable effects of N on plant
- Symptoms of oversupply of N in plants
- Unfavorable effects of oversupply
- Deficiency symptoms of N in plant
- Conversion of N2 Gas Into Usable Form
- Rhizobia
- Rhizobial Strain
- Host Plant
- Environmental Conditions
- Free Living Soil Microorganisms
- Atmospheric Fixation Through Electrical Discharge
- Industrial Fixation of N2
- Forms of Soil N
- N Cycle
- How N enters in soil
- Symbiotic fixation of N by legumes
- Rhizobia
- Rhizobium strain
- Host palnt
- Environmental condition
- fixation of N by free living soil microorganism
- Lightening and electrical discharge
- What happens to N in soil
- Immobilization
- mineralization
- Nitrogen Transformations in Soils
- Organic - Mineral N Balance in Soil
- Mineralization of N Compounds
- Aminization
- Ammonification
- Nitrification
- Factors Affecting Nitrification
- Abundance of NH4+ Ions
- Population of Nitrifying Organisms
- Soil Reaction
- Soil Aeration
- Soil Moisture
- Temperature
- Micronutrients
- C / N ratio
- C/N ration greater than 30
- C/N ration 20 - 30
- C/N ratio less than 20
- Retention of Ionic N in Soil
- Factors affecting Ammonium Fixation
- Expanding clays
- Freezing and thawing
- levels of K in soil
- How N gets out of soil
- Fate of Nitrate
- Gaseous Loss of NO3
- Denitrification
- Soil pH
- Moisture level in soil
- Free oxygen level in soil
- Chemical reaction
- Volatilization of ammonia
B. Phosphorus
- Favorable effects on plant
- Deficiency symptoms
- Phosphorus in Soil
- Classes of P in Soil
- Inorganic P
- Inorganic P in Acid Soil
- Inorganic P in Alkaline Soil
- Ca
- Calcium Carbonate
- Ca - clay - H2PO4
- Organic P
- Form in Soil
- Mineralization
- Type of Clay
- Reaction Time
- Temperature
- Organic Matter
- P Status of the Soil
- Placement
- P availability problems
- Low solubility
- Inorganic calcium containing P compounds
- Inorganic Al and Iron containing compounds
- Soil pH and solubility of P compounds
- Acid pH (pH less than 7)
- Alkaline pH (pH greater than 7)
- Fixation of P
- Formation of low solubility P compounds
- P fixation on solid surfaces
- Hydroxides
- Silicate clays
- Availability of P and surface area
- Availability of Organic P
- Practical control of available P
- Liming
- Fertilizer placement
- Pelleted or aggregated fertilizer
- Factors influencing P retention in soil
- Type of clay
- Reaction time
- Temperature
- Organic matter
- P status of soil
- Placement
- Soil pH
C. Potassium
- Potassium in Soil
- Favorable effects on plants
- Deficiency symptoms
- K problems in soil
- K fixation
- Leaching losses
- Crop removal
- Capacity factors
- Intensity factors
- K Equilibria in Soil
- Relatively Unavailable
- Slowly Available
- Readily Available
- Factors Affecting K Equilibria in Soil
- Type of Colloids
- Temperature
- Wetting and Drying
- Soil pH
Section III: Calcium, Mg, S, and
Micronutrients
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A. Calcium
- Sources of Soil Ca++
- Loss of Ca++
- Behavior of Ca++ in Soil
- Amount of exchangeable Ca
- The type of soil colloid
B. Magnesium
- Sources of Soil Mg
- Loss of Mg
- Behavior of Mg in Soils
- Grass Tetany
C. Sulfur
- Deficiency symptoms
- S requirement of crops
- Crops with higher S requirements
- Crops with lower S requirements
- Natural sources of S
- soil minerals
- atmospheric S
- organic bound S
- Mineralization of S in soil
- Immobilization
- S oxidation
- Reduction
- Sources in Soils
- Behavior in Soil
- Elemental S and Sulfides
- Factors affecting Oxidation of elemental S
- Thiobacillus bacteria
- Temperature
- Moisture
- Soil pH
- Fineness of S
D. Micronutrients
- Causes of increasing micronutrient deficiencies in soils
- Deficiency vs toxicity
- pH and Micronutrient Availability
- Sources of micronutrients
- Parent material
- Organic matter
- Factors influencing the availability of micronutrients
- Soil pH
- Oxidation state
- Organic combination
- Chelates
- Iron
- Essentiality
- Fe Deficiency
- Iron applied as FeSO4
- Zinc
- Zn activates
- Zn is necessary for
- Essentiality
- Zinc Deficient Soils
- Toxicity
- Manganese
- Essentiality
- Functions of Mn in plants
- Mn Deficient Soils
- Toxicity
Copper
- Essentiality
- Copper Deficient Soils
- Copper Toxicity
- Boron
- B is needed for
- Essentiality
- B is important for
- Deficiency in Alfalfa
- Soil Moisture and B Availability
- Dry weather can cause B deficiency
- B Toxicity
7. Molybdenum
- Two important functions
- Mo is required for
- Essentiality
- Mo Deficient Soils
- Mo Application
- Mo and Cattle
- Cobalt
- Chlorine
- Sodium
- Silicon
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Fertilizer and fertilizer management
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N fertilizers
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Organic N fertilizers
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Inorganic N fertilizers
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Ammonia and its solution
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Ammonium Sulfate
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Sodium and ammonium nitrate
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Urea
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Ammonium Phosphate
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Calcium Cyanamid
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Slow3 release N carriers
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P fertilizers
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Super Phosphates
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TSP
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Ammoniated Phosphates
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Bone meal
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Rock phosphates
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K fertilizers
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Mixed fertilizers
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Liquid fertilizers
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Fertilizer guarantees
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Method of dry fertilizer application
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Band application
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Broadcasting
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Method of liquid fertilizer application
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Direct soil application
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fertigation
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Spray application
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Fertilizer rates and placement
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Fertilizer application rate
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Type of crop
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Release of H+ and HCO3 by roots
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Effect of mycorrhiza fungi on P availability
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Root interception and nutrient uptake
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Fertilization rates, root system, and winter
kill of alfalfa
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Heaving
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Smothering
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Physiological stress
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Direct effect of low T
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Available nutrients in soil and soil tests
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Fertilizer placement
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Placement methods
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boradcast
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sideband
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In furrow application
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Top dress and side dress
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Root characteristics and fertilizer placement
A. The Principles of Soil Testing
- Definition of Soil Testing
- Phases of Soil Testing
- Field Sampling
- Extraction and Chemical Analyses
- Correlation and Interpretation of Analytical Results
- Making Fertilizer Recommendation
- Three types of lab offering soil testing service
B. Factors Affecting Availability of Nutrients to Plants
- Factors Affecting Concentration of Nutrients in Soil
- Weathering of Minerals
- Decomposition of O.M.
- Application of Fertilizer
- Seepage From Other Places
- The Movement of Nutrients to the Roots Surface
- Root Interception
- Mass Flow
- Diffusion
- Replenishment of Nutrients in the Soil Solution
- Rapid Equilibrium
- Moderate - Slow Equilibrium
- Not in Equilibrium
- Factors Affecting the Plant's Ability to Absorb Nutrients
- Oxygen in Soil Air
- Soil T
- Antagonistic Reactions
- Toxic Substances
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C. Interpretation of Soil Test Results
- Research Information Necessary for Soil Test Calibration
- Short Term Field Experiments
- Long Term Field experiments
- Laboratory Research
- Differences Among Crops in Their Fertility Requirements
- Differences Among Soils in Their Capacity to Supply Nutrients at Given Soil Test
Level
- Coarse Texture Soil
- Medium Texture
- Fine Texture Soil
- Rating Soil-Test Values and the Use of Fertilizer Index
- Making Fertilizer Recommendations
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D. Field Sampling
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E. Testing Soils for pH and Lime
- Soil pH
- Definition
- Factors Affecting Soil pH
- Tests for Lime Requirement
- Definition
- Factors Affecting Lime Requirement
- Degree of Weathering
- Clay Content
- O.M.
- Form of Acidity
- Lime Requirement Measurements
- Field Studies
- Soil - Lime Incubation
- Soil - Base Titration
- Soil - Buffer Equilibraiton
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F. Testing Soil for N
- N Availability Index - Tests
- Biologically N Availability Indexes
- Aerobic Incubation
- Anaerobic Incubation
- Measurement of CO2 Production
- Chemical N Availability Index
- Total N
- O.M. and Organic C
- Initial Inorganic N Test (Chemical)
- Ammonium N
- Nitrate N
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G. Testing Soil for P
- Extraction of Labile P
- Selection of the Extractant
- Correlation of Soil Tests with Plant Uptake of P
- Interpretations
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H. Testing Soil for K, Ca and Mg
- Determining exchangeable K+, Ca++, and Mg++
- Interpretation
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I. Plant Analysis
- General Purpose
- Problems
- Variability
- Washing samples
- preservation
- Suitable Standards
- Fail to Indicate Cause of Trouble
- Postmortems
- Interpretation Difficult
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J. Plant Analysis as an Aid in Fertilizing Soybeans
- Collecting Samples
- Nutrient Levels
- Nitrogen
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K. Soil Fertility Evaluation
- Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms of Plants
- Hidden Hunger Curve
- Lab and Greenhouse Tests
- Neubauer Seedling Method
- Soil fertility evaluation of a field
- Nutrient deficiency symptoms in plants
- Hidden hunger
- Nutrient uptake and seasonal changes
- Plant analysis
- Tissue tests in the field
- What plant nutrient deficiency diagnosticians should know
- Total analysis of plants
- N and K content in tissue and yield
- Nutrient interaction
- Field biological tests and lab/green house tests
- Strip tests on farmers fields
- Lab and green house tests
- Neubar seedling biological tests
- soil tests
Section VI -
Soil Plant Relationship
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A. Soil Characterization
- Particle Size Composition
- Structure
- Soil Minerals
- Elemental Composition of Soil
B. Radiation
C. Water
- Evapotranspiration
- Characteristics of Soil Surface and ET
- Relation of ET to Yield
- PWP
- Water use efficiency and yield
- Available water
D. Soil Aeration
E. Exchangeable Bases
- Cation Exchange
- Effect of clay minerals and organic matter on CEC
- Clay minerals
- particle size effect
- nature of particles
- Organic matter
- Exchangeable Bases in soil
- Sources of Cation Exchange Properties
- Mineral Matter
- Organic Matter
- Exchangeable Bases and Plant Nutrition
- Root Anatomy and Nutrients Uptake
- Effect of T on K Absorption
- Concept of Free Space
- CEC of the Root
- Carrier Theory
- Antagonism
- Mechanism of Nutrient Uptake
- Interception
- Mass Flow
- Diffusion
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EXAM SCHEDULE:
Will be announced
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GRADE DISTRIBUTION:
Midterm = 25%
Final = 25%
Lab project = 40%
Term paper or lab final or educational activity in Agronomy Club = 10%
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GRADE CLASSIFICATION:
- A = 900 - 1000
- B = 800 - 899
- C = 700 - 799
- D = 600 - 699
- F = Below 600
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COURSE OBJECTIVES:
The main purpose and philosophy of the course is to acquaint students with the principles underlying
soil fertility, soil-plant relationships and soil testing. Course is designed with a special emphasis in
practical aspects of soil fertility and testing.
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CLASS REGULATIONS:
- Attendance of all lab and lecture sessions is imperative. To discourage class absentia, the
following penalties will be strictly followed:
- All the handouts distributed in a particular lab or lecture session will not be given to those
who miss that session except those who inform the instructor beforehand either verbally,
or in writing, or on the telephone.
- Participation in class discussion is very important. Asking questions in class will improve your
impression and subsequent grade.
- Complete silence must be maintained during lectures.
- Lab reports will not be accepted after due date.
- All the exams will be returned to you after grading within a week. Record your grades in the
grade record page. Don't lose your exam papers, they will help you in case of error in final
calculation of the grade. If you did not get your exam back in time, ask me.
- IF you are not satisfied with the grade, contact me within a week after you receive the grades.
However, after one week, no change in grades will be accepted.
- If you believe at the end of the semester, that there is an error in the final grading, bring all your
exams (hour exams, make-up exams, lab reports, etc.) to my office for reconsideration.
- Pursue educational activities in Agronomy Club or submit a term paper on any soil fertility
related topic.
- No make-up exam will be given to individual students. Make-up for final exam will be
considered only in case of serious sickness duly supported by medical certificate.
- Educational Activity in the Agronomy Club: If you are an associate member of
Agronomy Club, the educational activity will include making a power point
presentation at the annual meeting of the club.
- Educational Activity in the Agronomy Club: If you are an active member of
the club and hold an office in the club, the educational activity will
include attending all the meetings.
Lab Project:
Each student or group of students will pursue a research project and then will make a power point presentation
on their project at the last session of their class. The lab grades will be
granted on the basis of given criteria.
1. Quality of work = 10%
2. Precision of data = 10%
3. Quality of power point = 10%
4. Report = 10%